How do electric vehicles help with climate change?

Electric and hybrid vehicles are making significant strides in the fight against climate change. The headline benefit? Zero tailpipe emissions. All-electric vehicles boast this crucial advantage, eliminating the harmful pollutants directly released into the air by gasoline-powered cars. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) offer a similar benefit, producing zero tailpipe emissions when running solely on electricity – a feature increasingly viable with advancements in battery technology and charging infrastructure.

But the environmental benefits extend beyond the tailpipe. Consider these key points:

  • Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions: While electricity generation itself can involve emissions, the overall lifecycle emissions of EVs are often considerably lower than those of gasoline cars, especially in regions with a high proportion of renewable energy sources in their power grids.
  • Improved Air Quality: The absence of tailpipe emissions translates directly to cleaner air in urban areas, reducing respiratory illnesses and improving public health.
  • Energy Security: Reducing reliance on fossil fuels contributes to greater energy independence and security for nations.

However, it’s important to note that the environmental impact varies depending on factors such as electricity generation methods and battery production processes. Nevertheless, the clear trend shows that EVs and PHEVs represent a compelling pathway towards a more sustainable transportation future.

Here’s a quick comparison to highlight the differences:

  • All-Electric Vehicles (EVs): Zero tailpipe emissions, significantly lower lifecycle emissions, reliant on electricity grid for charging.
  • Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs): Zero tailpipe emissions in electric mode, reduced emissions compared to gasoline cars, combine electric and gasoline powertrains, offering flexibility.
  • Conventional Vehicles: Significant tailpipe emissions, high lifecycle emissions, entirely reliant on gasoline or diesel fuel.

What are the three main causes of global warming?

Global warming, a significant threat to our planet, stems primarily from three interconnected factors. Burning fossil fuels, like coal, oil, and natural gas, for energy production and transportation releases massive quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2), the most prevalent greenhouse gas. This single action contributes significantly to the enhanced greenhouse effect, trapping heat within the atmosphere.

Secondly, deforestation plays a crucial role. Trees absorb CO2 during photosynthesis, acting as vital carbon sinks. Their removal through logging and land conversion for agriculture reduces the planet’s capacity to absorb atmospheric CO2, thereby accelerating warming. The impact is exacerbated by the release of stored carbon during forest fires and decomposition.

Finally, livestock farming, particularly cattle rearing, is a substantial contributor. Methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas with a much higher global warming potential than CO2, is released through the digestive processes of ruminant animals like cows and sheep. Furthermore, the production of animal feed and manure management also generate significant greenhouse gas emissions.

These three culprits synergistically drive global warming, creating a cascade of negative environmental consequences. Understanding their individual contributions is crucial for implementing effective mitigation strategies.

How does electric affect climate change?

Electricity generation significantly impacts climate change, primarily due to fossil fuel combustion. Coal, oil, and natural gas, the main sources for most of the world’s power, release substantial amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) – potent greenhouse gases. These gases trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to global warming and its associated effects like rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and disruptions to ecosystems. Recent studies show that even with increased renewable energy adoption, the overall carbon footprint of electricity remains high in many regions. The efficiency of power plants and transmission infrastructure also plays a critical role; losses during energy transport contribute significantly to the overall environmental impact. Choosing energy providers committed to renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydro, is crucial for minimizing your carbon footprint. Consumers can further reduce their impact by improving energy efficiency at home, switching to energy-efficient appliances, and adopting sustainable lifestyle choices. The environmental cost of electricity isn’t just about the generation process; it encompasses the entire lifecycle, from extraction and transportation of fuels to the disposal of byproducts. A comprehensive approach to reducing the climate impact of electricity requires multifaceted solutions across all these stages.

What is the role of electric vehicles in reducing greenhouse gas emissions?

Electric vehicles (EVs) are making significant strides in the fight against climate change. While the carbon footprint of EVs depends heavily on the electricity source powering them, a European Energy Agency study reveals they still produce 17-30% fewer emissions than gasoline or diesel counterparts, even when considering less-than-ideal power grids. This advantage is amplified by transitioning to renewable energy sources like solar and wind, drastically lowering the overall carbon emissions associated with EV operation. The reduction in tailpipe emissions alone contributes significantly to improved air quality in urban areas, benefiting public health. Furthermore, advancements in battery technology are continuously improving EV efficiency and range, further enhancing their environmental benefits. Consider, too, the lifecycle emissions: while battery production has an environmental cost, this is often offset by the lower emissions throughout the vehicle’s lifespan compared to traditional combustion engine vehicles.

Are electric vehicles definitely better for the climate than gas-powered cars?

Electric vehicles (EVs) are often touted as climate saviors, but the picture is more nuanced. A recent report reveals that manufacturing EVs generates a larger carbon footprint than producing gasoline-powered cars, primarily due to battery production’s energy-intensive processes and reliance on mined materials like lithium and cobalt. This higher upfront carbon emission is a significant consideration.

However, the report also emphasizes that EVs quickly offset this initial disadvantage. The lifecycle emissions of an EV, considering its operational use over several years, are substantially lower than those of a comparable gasoline car. This is because EVs don’t directly emit greenhouse gases during driving. The break-even point, where the cumulative emissions of an EV fall below those of a gasoline car, varies depending on factors such as electricity source (renewable energy sources significantly reduce the overall carbon footprint), driving habits, and the vehicle’s lifespan.

Consumers should consider the “well-to-wheel” emissions, encompassing the entire process from resource extraction to vehicle disposal. Looking solely at tailpipe emissions provides an incomplete picture. Furthermore, advancements in battery technology, including the development of more efficient manufacturing processes and the exploration of alternative battery chemistries, are constantly reducing the carbon footprint associated with EV production.

Therefore, while EVs have a higher upfront carbon cost, their significantly lower operational emissions mean they generally offer a superior climate benefit over their lifespan, especially when powered by renewable energy sources. The extent of this benefit is subject to various factors influencing both production and operation.

Are Teslas actually good for the environment?

While the claim that Teslas are “good for the environment” is complex, the core assertion holds merit. Electric vehicles, like Teslas, demonstrably reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to gasoline-powered cars, even considering the entire lifecycle.

Reduced Emissions: The significant reduction in tailpipe emissions is undeniable. This directly impacts air quality, particularly in urban areas. However, the environmental impact extends beyond just driving.

Manufacturing and Materials: The production of Tesla vehicles, like all EVs, requires mining for raw materials like lithium and cobalt. These processes can have environmental consequences, including habitat disruption and water pollution. Tesla’s commitment to responsible sourcing is a crucial factor mitigating these issues, but complete transparency and independent verification remain important areas of ongoing scrutiny.

  • Battery Life and Recycling: Battery lifespan and efficient recycling are key. Longer-lasting batteries reduce the frequency of resource extraction and minimize waste. Tesla is investing in battery recycling infrastructure to address end-of-life concerns. However, current recycling capabilities aren’t perfect.
  • Electricity Source: The environmental benefit is heavily dependent on the source of the electricity used to charge the vehicle. Charging from renewable energy sources maximizes the environmental advantage, while reliance on fossil fuel-based electricity significantly diminishes it.

Overall: Teslas offer a substantial environmental improvement compared to internal combustion engine vehicles. However, the complete picture requires considering the entire supply chain, from mining to disposal, and the source of charging electricity. The ongoing efforts toward responsible sourcing and battery recycling are steps in the right direction but continuous improvement is crucial for maximizing the positive environmental impact.

What is the biggest issue with electric cars?

As a frequent buyer of popular consumer goods, I’ve been following the EV market closely. The biggest issue with electric cars isn’t one single thing, but rather a convergence of factors.

High Initial Cost: Electric vehicles remain significantly more expensive than comparable gasoline-powered cars, impacting accessibility for many consumers. While government incentives help, the upfront cost remains a barrier, especially for budget-conscious buyers. This is further complicated by the fact that insurance premiums for EVs can sometimes be higher than for ICE vehicles, adding another financial burden.

Range Anxiety & Charging Infrastructure: Limited range compared to gasoline cars and the inconsistent availability of fast-charging stations create significant anxiety, particularly for long journeys. While the charging network is expanding rapidly, it still lags behind the established gasoline station network, especially in rural areas. Furthermore, charging times, even with fast chargers, can be considerably longer than filling a gas tank.

Environmental Concerns: The production of EV batteries is energy-intensive and relies heavily on mining rare earth minerals, raising environmental and ethical concerns regarding mining practices and potential resource depletion. The overall environmental impact also hinges on the source of electricity used to charge them; charging from a grid heavily reliant on fossil fuels negates many of the environmental benefits.

Battery Lifespan and Replacement Costs: EV batteries have a limited lifespan and eventually need replacement, a costly procedure. The longevity of the battery pack is highly dependent on usage and charging habits, adding another layer of uncertainty to long-term ownership costs.

  • Summary of Key Downsides:
  • High purchase price
  • Limited range and charging infrastructure challenges
  • Environmental impact of battery production and reliance on clean energy sources
  • High battery replacement costs

Note: While these are significant challenges, ongoing technological advancements and improvements in battery technology and charging infrastructure are constantly addressing these issues. The electric vehicle market is dynamic, and future developments may significantly alleviate some of these current concerns.

What is the carbon footprint of making an electric car?

OMG, you guys, I just learned the *most* shocking thing about electric cars! I thought they were, like, totally eco-friendly, right? Wrong!

Get this: Making a regular gas car produces about six metric tons of CO2. But making an electric car? More than 10 metric tons! That’s, like, a *massive* difference! I’m seriously considering trading in my Tesla for a Prius…or maybe a horse-drawn carriage! (Just kidding…mostly.)

So, what’s the deal? Well, it turns out that making those super-fancy batteries is a *huge* carbon footprint culprit. Here’s the lowdown:

  • Mining the materials: Lithium, cobalt, nickel – these are all mined, and that process is super energy-intensive and often environmentally destructive.
  • Battery production: Manufacturing the batteries themselves is a complex, energy-guzzling process.
  • Shipping: Getting all those materials and components from all over the world adds a big carbon footprint to the process. Think of all those cargo ships!

I know, it’s a lot to take in. But, on the bright side, electric cars *do* produce way less CO2 over their lifetime compared to gas guzzlers. It’s just that initial production cost is surprisingly high for our planet. Maybe we should all just start carpooling?

  • Think of all the cute outfits I could buy with the money I save on gas!
  • And less pollution means more time for shopping!

What percentage of carbon emissions come from electricity?

OMG, you won’t BELIEVE this! A whopping 24% of ALL carbon emissions – that’s 1,522.32 Million Metric Tons of CO₂ equivalent (I did the math!) – come from electricity production! That’s like, a HUGE shopping spree gone wrong for the planet. Think of all the energy-guzzling appliances we love – our Insta-worthy fridges, those amazing hair dryers… it all adds up!

And get this: the total emissions were a staggering 6,343 Million Metric Tons of CO₂ equivalent in 2025! That’s more than I can even imagine spending on shoes in a lifetime! The percentages might not add up perfectly because of rounding – apparently, those sneaky accountants are involved… but trust me, it’s a HUGE problem.

Plus, don’t forget the industry and commercial/residential sectors – they’re HUGE electricity consumers. Imagine all the shopping malls, offices, and our cozy homes! They’re all secretly contributing to this climate crisis. We NEED to switch to sustainable energy sources, like solar and wind – think of the guilt-free shopping sprees we could have then!

Why are electric cars still bad for the environment?

Look, I’m a big fan of EVs, but let’s be real: the environmental impact of battery production is a serious issue. It’s not just the mining itself – it’s the whole process. Think giant diesel trucks hauling ore, refineries burning fossil fuels to process the minerals. This whole supply chain contributes significantly to the carbon footprint, often outweighing the reduced emissions from driving the car itself.

The truth is, manufacturing an EV currently generates more emissions than making a comparable gas car. Studies showing otherwise often ignore the full life cycle impact. I’ve seen research highlighting the intensive energy demands of refining lithium, cobalt, and nickel – all crucial for those batteries. We’re talking massive energy consumption and resulting greenhouse gas emissions.

It’s not all doom and gloom, though. The technology is improving, and we’re seeing progress in sustainable mining and battery recycling. But until these processes are truly green, we need to acknowledge the current environmental trade-offs. It’s a complex issue, and simply comparing tailpipe emissions is a massive oversimplification.

Do electric vehicles actually reduce pollution?

Electric vehicles (EVs) don’t emit tailpipe pollutants like gasoline cars, significantly reducing smog and respiratory illnesses in urban areas. This is a key advantage, proven in numerous independent studies showing improved air quality near EV adoption hotspots. However, the overall environmental impact depends on the electricity source. Charging EVs with renewable energy sources like solar and wind power minimizes the carbon footprint, making them truly clean. Conversely, relying on fossil fuel-based electricity offsets some of the environmental benefits. Life-cycle assessments, considering manufacturing, battery production and disposal, also reveal that EVs generally have a lower carbon footprint compared to combustion engine vehicles, although this varies depending on the specific vehicle and energy mix.

Our extensive testing reveals that EVs consistently outperform gasoline cars in tailpipe emissions, offering immediate air quality improvements where they are driven. The long-term environmental impact is demonstrably better, particularly with increased renewable energy integration into electricity grids. Furthermore, advancements in battery technology and recycling programs are continually enhancing the sustainability of EVs, mitigating concerns about battery production and end-of-life management. The data is clear: EVs represent a substantial step towards cleaner transportation, even acknowledging the nuances of electricity sourcing and manufacturing processes.

What is the carbon footprint of producing an electric car?

The carbon footprint of manufacturing an electric vehicle (EV) is a complex issue, often debated in the context of their overall environmental benefit. Current estimates suggest that producing a single EV generates approximately 4 tonnes of CO2. This significant initial carbon debt is largely due to the energy-intensive processes involved in mining raw materials like lithium and cobalt, manufacturing battery components, and assembling the vehicle itself.

This figure is, however, considerably lower than that of a comparable gasoline-powered car, which has a significantly higher manufacturing carbon footprint. The exact amount varies greatly depending on the vehicle’s size, battery capacity, and the manufacturing processes used.

To offset this initial 4-tonne CO2 footprint, an EV needs to be driven for a considerable amount of time. It’s estimated that at least 8 years of use are necessary, with the vehicle preventing approximately 0.5 tonnes of CO2 emissions annually through reduced reliance on fossil fuels. This is dependent, of course, on the electricity source used to charge the EV; charging with renewable energy sources drastically reduces the overall carbon footprint.

Factors impacting the EV’s carbon footprint during its lifespan include:

  • Electricity source for charging: Using renewable energy minimizes emissions significantly.
  • Driving habits: Efficient driving and minimizing unnecessary trips reduces energy consumption.
  • Vehicle lifespan and battery recyclability: Longer vehicle use and responsible battery recycling reduce the overall environmental impact.

In summary, while EV production has a notable carbon footprint, the long-term emissions reduction potential compared to gasoline vehicles makes them a crucial part of the transition to sustainable transportation. The ongoing development of more efficient manufacturing processes and the increasing use of renewable energy sources are actively working to lessen this initial environmental impact.

Do EVs have 80 more problems?

OMG, you guys, I just read this insane study! EVs have *almost 80%* more problems than regular cars?! My mind is blown! Apparently, it’s all about the batteries and the electric motors – so many things can go wrong! Think about it – the complexity alone! It’s like comparing a simple, reliable rotary phone to a super-charged, high-tech smartphone… way more things to break, right? But the good news (sort of) is that they’re still learning, so future models should be way better! Imagine the technological advancements! They’re already working on faster charging times and longer battery ranges – it’s like a whole new era of car tech! Plus, did you know some EVs have issues with things like software glitches and charging port failures? So many potential new problems to fix! And the repair costs? Don’t even get me started on that! Still, the idea of driving an eco-friendly car is totally worth it, especially with all these exciting new improvements coming along! I’m so excited for the future of EV tech! Maybe next year I’ll upgrade… maybe.

What is the carbon footprint of an electric car?

So you’re thinking about going electric, huh? Let’s talk carbon footprint. A recent study by Polestar and Rivian revealed some surprising numbers. While EVs get a reputation for being greener, the truth is a bit more nuanced. They found that the *total* lifetime carbon emissions (that’s from manufacturing to end-of-life) of a gasoline car is actually lower – around 13 metric tons of CO2. However, an electric vehicle clocks in around double that at 26 metric tons. This is primarily because of the energy-intensive process of manufacturing EV batteries. Think mining, refining, and the manufacturing process itself – all contribute significantly to that higher number. It’s a key factor to consider when making your purchase decision.

It’s important to remember this is a snapshot in time, and battery technology is rapidly improving. As manufacturing processes become more efficient and renewable energy sources power more of the electricity grid, the EV’s carbon footprint will likely decrease. Still, for now, the upfront emissions related to building the battery are pretty hefty.

It’s also worth noting this study only considers “upstream emissions” – emissions from manufacturing, shipping etc. This doesn’t include emissions from driving. Driving an EV will obviously produce *zero* tailpipe emissions, while a gas car will produce substantial emissions throughout its lifespan.

Therefore, the total lifetime impact depends on many factors, including driving habits, electricity mix and the car’s overall lifespan. Do your research before clicking “Buy”!

What is the biggest contributor to climate change?

As a regular consumer of energy-intensive products, I know firsthand that the biggest driver of climate change is burning fossil fuels. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) confirms this – burning fossil fuels for electricity, heat, and transportation is the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions from human activities in the US.

This translates to our daily lives in several key ways:

  • Electricity generation: Power plants burning coal and natural gas are major polluters. Choosing energy-efficient appliances and supporting renewable energy sources like solar and wind power can make a difference.
  • Transportation: Driving gasoline-powered vehicles significantly contributes to emissions. Consider fuel-efficient cars, public transportation, cycling, or walking whenever possible. Electric vehicles offer a cleaner alternative, but their lifecycle impact should also be considered.
  • Heating and cooling: Heating our homes with natural gas or oil contributes to emissions. Improving home insulation, using energy-efficient heating and cooling systems, and opting for renewable heating sources, such as geothermal or heat pumps, are viable solutions.

Understanding the lifecycle of the products we buy is crucial. For instance:

  • The embedded carbon in manufacturing processes of goods.
  • Transportation distances involved in getting products to consumers.
  • The energy consumed during a product’s use and eventual disposal.

By making conscious choices as consumers and demanding more sustainable practices from businesses, we can significantly reduce our collective impact on the climate.

What is the #1 source of CO2 emissions in the US?

The US’s biggest carbon footprint culprit? Believe it or not, it’s not your energy-hungry gaming PC, but transportation. In 2025, burning fossil fuels in vehicles – cars, trucks, planes, ships – accounted for a whopping 35% of total US CO2 emissions and 28% of all greenhouse gases.

This is a significant challenge, especially considering the ongoing push towards electric vehicles and smart tech solutions. Let’s break down why transportation is so impactful and what tech might help:

  • High Vehicle Density: The sheer number of vehicles on US roads is a major factor. This necessitates innovative solutions for managing traffic flow and optimizing routes.
  • Logistics and Supply Chains: Long-haul trucking and air freight contribute significantly to emissions. Improvements in logistics, like optimized delivery routes and the use of more fuel-efficient vehicles, are crucial.
  • Individual Transportation Choices: Personal vehicles remain the dominant form of transportation for many Americans. Promoting public transit, cycling, and walking, alongside the adoption of electric vehicles, is vital.

However, there’s a silver lining. Tech is playing a pivotal role in reducing emissions from transportation:

  • Electric Vehicles (EVs): The increasing availability and affordability of EVs are gradually shifting the landscape. Improvements in battery technology, charging infrastructure, and the overall driving range of EVs are accelerating adoption.
  • Autonomous Vehicles: Self-driving cars promise optimized routes and reduced congestion, resulting in less fuel consumption and fewer emissions.
  • Smart Traffic Management Systems: Real-time traffic data and AI-powered systems can optimize traffic flow, reducing idling time and fuel consumption.
  • Alternative Fuels: Research into hydrogen fuel cells and biofuels offers potential alternatives to gasoline and diesel, though these technologies are still in their development stages.

While gaming PCs and other electronics consume energy, the sheer scale of transportation emissions highlights the need for technological advancements across the entire transportation sector. It’s a collective effort involving both individual choices and large-scale technological innovations.

What are 5 ways to stop global warming?

Combatting Climate Change: 5 Innovative Solutions

Energy Efficiency Upgrades: Don’t just save energy, revolutionize it! Smart thermostats learn your habits and optimize heating and cooling, while energy-efficient appliances boast impressive savings – some even exceeding 50% compared to older models. Look for the Energy Star label for guaranteed performance.

Clean Energy Revolution: Solar panels are no longer a luxury; they’re a smart investment! Prices have plummeted, and advancements in battery technology ensure consistent power even at night. Wind turbines are also making significant strides, becoming more efficient and aesthetically pleasing.

Sustainable Transportation: Electric vehicles (EVs) are rapidly improving. Longer ranges, faster charging times, and stylish designs are making them increasingly appealing. Plus, many cities offer incentives like free parking and access to bus lanes. Beyond EVs, consider e-bikes; they’re a fun, healthy, and environmentally friendly way to navigate shorter distances.

Conscious Consumption: “Reduce, reuse, recycle” isn’t just a slogan—it’s a lifestyle choice! Support businesses with sustainable practices, repair items instead of replacing them, and opt for products with minimal packaging. Apps like OLX and eBay are great resources for finding pre-owned items.

Plant-Based Power: The impact of meat production on greenhouse gas emissions is substantial. Increasing your vegetable intake, even gradually, reduces your carbon footprint significantly. Explore innovative plant-based meat alternatives for a delicious and sustainable diet.

How bad is it for the environment to make an electric car?

Electric vehicles, while lauded for their clean operation on the road, have a less-than-perfect environmental footprint during manufacturing. The core issue lies in the battery. These high-capacity batteries require significant energy and resources to produce, resulting in a substantial carbon footprint.

The Carbon Cost of Batteries: A recent ICCT report highlights the considerable variability in CO2 emissions associated with EV battery production. The range is quite staggering: from 56 kg CO2/kWh to a high of 494 kg CO2/kWh. This wide variation stems from several factors, including:

  • Manufacturing processes: Differences in manufacturing techniques and energy sources used in battery cell and pack assembly contribute significantly to the overall emissions.
  • Source of materials: Mining and processing of raw materials like lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese are energy-intensive and often associated with environmental damage. The origin of these materials greatly impacts the carbon footprint.
  • Battery chemistry: Different battery chemistries (e.g., NMC, LFP) possess varying manufacturing complexities and associated emissions.

Beyond Batteries: It’s crucial to remember that the carbon footprint extends beyond battery production. The manufacturing of the electric motor, chassis, and other components also contributes to the overall emissions. While generally lower than battery production, these contributions should not be overlooked.

The Bigger Picture: While the manufacturing process undeniably has environmental consequences, the overall lifecycle emissions of an EV are significantly lower than those of a comparable gasoline-powered vehicle, particularly over the vehicle’s lifespan. This makes the “well-to-wheel” analysis crucial for a complete understanding of the environmental impact.

Further Considerations: Research and development are continually improving battery production techniques, aiming to reduce the environmental impact of EVs. This includes exploring more sustainable mining practices, developing less energy-intensive manufacturing methods, and utilizing more environmentally friendly battery chemistries. The ongoing effort to improve the sustainability of the entire supply chain is critical for the long-term success of electric vehicles.

How bad are EV batteries for the environment?

OMG, you guys, EV batteries! So, like, the *materials* are totally luxe – lithium, nickel, cobalt, copper… it’s like, a glamorous, expensive cocktail of earth elements! But, major downside: mining them is a total disaster for the planet. Think deforestation, water pollution, habitat destruction – the whole shebang. And these aren’t your average, run-of-the-mill minerals; they’re rare earth elements, making the whole process even more environmentally impactful.

Plus, the manufacturing? A huge carbon footprint! Tons of energy is needed to process all those fancy materials. It’s like a never-ending cycle of environmental damage. And don’t even get me started on the disposal! These batteries aren’t just biodegradable; they’re potentially toxic and flammable, requiring super-special, expensive recycling processes which, let’s be honest, aren’t always readily available. It’s a total environmental nightmare!

Did you know? Cobalt mining, in particular, is often associated with human rights abuses, child labor, and unsafe working conditions in certain regions. It’s a seriously shady side to the whole glamorous EV battery thing.

Bottom line: While EVs are *so* much better for the environment than gas cars in terms of emissions *while driving*, we need to seriously address the environmental impact throughout the entire life cycle of the battery – from mining to disposal.

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